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【北京專家講堂】兒童如何補充維生(born)素D?

來(Come)源:潘維偉(北京專家) 發布時(hour)間:2024-08-01 16:50 浏覽次數:

潘維偉 北京專家 主任醫師 中共黨員 北醫三院延安分院院長助理 兒科主任

專業:新生(born)兒及兒童保健。

擅長:新生(born)兒及早産兒疾病診治及危重症搶救,高危兒新生(born)兒及嬰兒生(born)長發育随診,嬰兒顱形異常的(of)診治,普通兒科常見疾病的(of)診治。


據研究表明,在(exist)我(I)國(country)0-18歲的(of)健康兒童中,維生(born)素D缺乏和(and)不(No)足的(of)現象較普遍,其中嚴重缺乏率爲(for)2.46%、缺乏率爲(for)21.57%、不(No)足率爲(for)28.71%。維生(born)素D具有諸多生(born)理功能,包括小腸鈣轉運、骨代謝、腎鈣重吸收、胰島素分泌以(by)及免疫調節等方面。維生(born)素D缺乏的(of)危害不(No)僅限于(At)骨骼系統疾病,近年來(Come)的(of)研究發現,維生(born)素D缺乏還會導緻兒童免疫力降低,增大(big)患過敏性疾病、肺部疾病的(of)幾率;甚至會對兒童心腦血管的(of)發育産生(born)影響,導緻兒童心理行爲(for)發育出(out)現異常。

常見的(of)維生(born)素D缺乏原因包括:母親圍生(born)期儲存不(No)足、嬰兒期生(born)長發育迅速、營養供給不(No)足、紫外線光照不(No)足影響維生(born)素D合成以(by)及疾病的(of)幹擾等。

一(one)、維生(born)素D缺乏應如何預防?

1.戶外活動:建議盡早帶嬰兒進行戶外活動,逐步達到(arrive)每日1-2小時(hour),以(by)散射光爲(for)宜,裸露皮膚,且無玻璃阻擋;6個(indivual)月以(by)下的(of)嬰兒應避免陽光直曬;兒童進行戶外活動時(hour)要(want)注意防曬,以(by)防皮膚灼傷。

2.膳食攝入:引導兒童多食用(use)含鈣豐富的(of)食品,如乳類、奶制品、豆制品、海産品等。

3.維生(born)素D制劑:(1)爲(for)預防佝偻病,建議新生(born)兒出(out)生(born)後1周内開始補充維生(born)素D,0-1歲400U/d,1-18歲400-800U/d,以(by)預防維生(born)素D缺乏及不(No)足。(2)自出(out)生(born)1周開始,早産兒、低出(out)生(born)體重兒、多胎兒口服維生(born)素D800U/d,3個(indivual)月後改用(use)口服維生(born)素D 400U/d;若使用(use)早産兒配方奶粉者可口服維生(born)素D制劑400U/d。(3)反複呼吸道感染的(of)患兒,建議補充維生(born)素D400-800U/d。(4)腹瀉病程期間,兒童應補充維生(born)素D400-800U/d。(5)存在(exist)缺鐵性貧血及鐵缺乏高危風險的(of)兒童,應補充維生(born)素D400-800U/d。(6)營養不(No)良等慢性疾病的(of)兒童建議補充維生(born)素D400-800U/d。

4.維生(born)素A和(and)維生(born)素D同爲(for)脂溶性維生(born)素,維生(born)素A能促使維生(born)素D更好地(land)發揮生(born)物學活性,在(exist)免疫功能、骨骼發育、預防貧血等諸多方面具有協同作(do)用(use)。所以(by),建議維生(born)素A和(and)維生(born)素D共同補充。建議每日補充維生(born)素D400-800U的(of)同時(hour)補充維生(born)素A1500-2000U。

5.維生(born)素D3是(yes)皮膚接受陽光照射合成的(of)維生(born)素D。維生(born)素D3提高血清25-(OH)D的(of)效果明顯優于(At)維生(born)素D2。推薦優先選擇維生(born)素D3。

6.維生(born)素A和(and)維生(born)素D在(exist)0-3歲嬰幼兒中補充率較高,3歲以(by)上(superior)兒童補充率不(No)足,應加強補充。因此,建議維生(born)素A和(and)維生(born)素D補充持續至青春期。

7.鈣劑的(of)補充:早産兒、低出(out)生(born)體重兒、巨大(big)兒、戶外活動少以(by)及生(born)長過快的(of)兒童在(exist)使用(use)維生(born)素D制劑治療的(of)同時(hour),聯合補充鈣劑更爲(for)合理。

二、維生(born)素D缺乏如何補充維生(born)素D?

符合維生(born)素D缺乏性佝偻病診斷标準的(of)患兒需要(want)去醫院就診,按照醫生(born)醫囑可采用(use)維生(born)素D3補充治療:可予每日療法或大(big)劑量沖擊療法;在(exist)劑型上(superior),可選用(use)口服法或肌肉注射法;治療原則以(by)口服爲(for)主。維生(born)素D 2000U/d爲(for)最小治療劑量,強調同時(hour)補鈣,療程至少3個(indivual)月。(具體維生(born)素D治療劑量見表1)

主要(want)參考文獻:中華預防醫學會兒童保健分會.中國(country)兒童維生(born)素A、維生(born)素D臨床應用(use)專家共識(2024)[J].中國(country)兒童保健雜志,2024,32(4):349-358,361.